![]() ![]() ![]() The second model determines deflection of the vertical using orthometric heights to find the geoid undulation at each station. The magnitude of vertical deflection to two or more stations allows for the components of deflection of the vertical in the east and north directions to be solved (η and ξ, respectively). The first method determines deflection of the vertical by differencing zenith angles computed from geodetic (GPS) coordinates against measured zenith angles, yielding a magnitude of vertical deflection along the azimuth between stations. These refined models are necessary to assure proper reductions for high-accuracy surveys and at the same time improve gross error detection. Modern surveys often incorporate both GPS data and terrestrial data, requiring models that contain parameters interrelating satellite geodetic (geometric) variables to quantities of a more physical geodetic nature. The purpose of this study is to determine the deflection of the vertical using GPS and terrestrial observations (either observed zenith angles or orthometric (leveling) heights). Combining GPS and Terrestrial Observations to Determine Deflection of the Vertical. VandenBerg, David John, MSE, Purdue University, August 1999. ![]()
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